We found that two rmp-positive, hypervirulent strains and two rmp-negative clinical UTI isolates all suppressed mucoidy when cultured in urine compared to rich LB medium without altering capsular polysaccharide (CPS) abundance.

pneumoniae adaptation to the urinary tract. Therefore, we hypothesized that environmental conditions may drive K. Non-mucoid, carbapenem-resistant isolates are most frequently isolated from UTI. One lineage includes hypervirulent strains, causing invasive community-acquired infections, and the other encompasses carbapenem-resistant isolates. pneumoniae have emerged that challenge the treatment of these infections. Overall, our comprehensive analyses of viral spread, variants, and novel bacterial biomarkers will add significantly to the growing body of literature on WBE and COVID-19.Klebsiella pneumoniae is a frequent nosocomial pathogen associated with urinary tract infections (UTI), pneumonia, and septicemia.

Our study shows that microbial biomarkers could be utilized as prediction tools for future infectious disease surveillance and outbreak responses. Further, we observed a strong correlation between the presence of SARS-CoV-2 and changes in the microbial community of wastewater, particularly the significant changes in bacterial genera belonging to the families of Lachnospiraceae and Actinomycetaceae. Our study provides a unique platform for potentially using the WBE-derived results to predict the spread of COVID-19 and the emergence of new variants of concern. Here, we present a combination of analyses using the correlation of viral gene copies with clinical cases, sequencing of wastewater-derived RNA for the viral mutants, and correlative analyses of the viral gene copies with the bacterial biomarkers.

WBE emerged as an effective tool during the COVID-19 pandemic and has provided meaningful information to minimize the spread of infection. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is a popular tool for the early indication of community spread of infectious diseases.

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